End-to-End LLM Stack Trace: From Keystroke to Streamed Token
A software engineer has published a detailed technical document that traces exactly what happens at every layer of the stack when you send a prompt to an LLM like Claude or ChatGPT. Inspired by the classic "what-happens-when" repository for browser navigation, this document provides a production systems perspective on LLM chat interactions.
What the Document Covers
The document follows the full journey in production order:
- Client-side: Live token counting via WASM tokenizers, IME composition events, optimistic UI rendering
- Network: Why SSE wins over WebSockets for chat, UTF-8 boundary problem in streaming
- API Gateway: Edge TLS termination, multi-dimensional rate limiting (RPM vs ITPM vs OTPM)
- Safety classifiers: What runs before and after the model, why prompt injection is structurally unsolved
- Context assembly: What actually goes into the context window (it's not just your messages)
- Tokenization: Why models can't count letters, why leading spaces matter, how special tokens consume budget
- KV cache and prefix caching: GQA vs MHA memory math, PagedAttention, cache hit rate as a cost lever
- Prefill vs decode: Why they're bottlenecked differently (compute vs memory bandwidth)
- Sampling pipeline: The full logit pipeline in order — repetition penalty, temperature, top-k, top-p, softmax, sample
- Streaming: TTFT breakdown, SSE event parsing, incremental markdown rendering
- Tool use and agentic loops: Parallel tool calls, prompt injection resurfacing in tool results
- Billing and observability: TTFT vs TPOT, cache pricing math, what to instrument
Document Details
The document is aimed at engineers who already understand transformers and want to see how production systems actually work. It's released under CC0 license, and contributions are welcome. The author notes several uncovered subsystems at the bottom including speculative decoding, multimodal systems, and multi-agent coordination.
The repository was created to address the gap between high-level "transformers are magic" explanations and academic papers that don't connect concepts to production system behavior.
📖 Read the full source: r/LocalLLaMA
👀 See Also
ClaudeBusiness Repo: Patterns for Running Real Businesses with Claude Code
A GitHub repo collecting practical patterns, frameworks, and guardrails from 35+ Reddit threads of founders using Claude to run service agencies and solo SaaS businesses.
Flow Maps: Learning the Integral of a Diffusion Model for Faster Sampling
Sander Dieleman explains flow maps — neural networks that directly predict the integral of a diffusion model's ODE, enabling faster sampling, reward-based learning, and steerability.
Understanding AI Agent Architecture: Deterministic vs Probabilistic Layers
A Reddit user shares a mental model for AI agent systems that separates deterministic layers (scripts, commands, APIs) from probabilistic layers (LLM reasoning and decisions). The key insight: push as much work as possible to the deterministic side.
Short Leash AI Coding Method: Beat Fable by Keeping Control
Greg Slepak's short leash method for AI coding agents: plan, review every diff, deny bad changes, commit after subtasks. Beats Fable quality by keeping the developer in the loop.